ABSTRACT
Interactions of both the innate and the adaptive immune system with tumors are complex and often influence courses and therapeutic treatments in unanticipated ways. Based on the concept that CD8+T cells can mediate important antitumor effects, several therapies now aim to amplify their specific activity. A subpopulation of CD8+ tissue-resident T lymphocytes that express the αE(CD103)ß7 integrin has raised particular interest. This receptor presumably contributes to the recruitment and retention of tumor-infiltrating immune cells through interaction with its ligand, E-cadherin. It appears to have regulatory functions and is thought to be a component of some immunological synapses. In TGF-rich environments, the αE(CD103)ß7/E-cadherin-interaction enhances the binding strength between tumor cells and infiltrating T lymphocytes. This activity facilitates the release of lytic granule contents and cytokines as well as further immune responses and the killing of target cells. Expression of αE(CD103)ß7 in some tumors is associated with a rather favorable prognosis, perhaps with the notable exception of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Although epithelial skin tumors are by far the most common tumors of fair-skinned people, there have been very few studies on the distribution of αE(CD103)ß7 expressing cells in these neoplasms. Given this background, we describe here that αE(CD103)ß7 is scarcely present in basal cell carcinomas, but much more abundant in squamous cell carcinomas with heterogeneous distribution. Notwithstanding a substantial number of studies, the role of αE(CD103)ß7 in the tumor context is still far from clear. Here, we summarize the essential current knowledge on αE(CD103)ß7 and outline that it is worthwhile to further explore this intriguing receptor with regard to the pathophysiology, therapy, and prognosis of solid tumors.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Para-phenylenediamine, a dye frequently added to henna tattoos to create the black color, is a potent contact allergen. Severe contact dermatitis may arise within days even after the first application. Our objective was to develop a method for rapid and complete removal of para-phenylenediamine-containing black henna tattoos from the skin, an important problem many physicians are confronted with, but for which no simple method exists. METHODS: A database search revealed polyethylene glycol 400, described in removal of ortho-phenylenediamine from contaminated skin. We therefore investigated its use in removal of the structurally related ortholog para-phenylenediamine present in black henna tattoos. RESULTS: A protocol was established involving repeated cycles of rinsing of the skin with polyethylene glycol 400 solution. In 5 patients, one of whom had already developed a severe blistering contact dermatitis and another a mild erosive dermatitis, black henna tattoos were successfully removed. Removal was completed in a single session of 1 hour or less, depending on tattoo size, with a maximum of 6 rinse cycles. CONCLUSIONS: We provide a simple and safe method for rapid and effective removal of black henna tattoos. This procedure requires no special equipment and can be applied in virtually any setting.
